Galaxies and the universe 31 collision between ngc 2207 and ic 2163 to find out more about galaxies and the universe, visit the earth science. In this lab, you will estimate the expansion rate of the universe the hubble constant and the age of the universe. Our milky way is just one galaxy of many billions of galaxies that fill the universe we can observe from earth. The word galaxy is derived from the greek galaxias, literally milky, a reference to the milky way. Stars, galaxies, and universe space science notebook lesson. These galaxies are abundant in the early universe, before spirals and ellipticals developed. Contents preface to the second edition page vii 1 introduction 1 1. Moons, planets, solar system, stars, galaxies, in our universe an introduction by rick kang educationpublic outreach coord. This raises the questions of the true abundance of massive galaxies and the starformationrate density in the early universe.
This extensively illustrated book presents the astrophysics of galaxies since their beginnings in the early universe. The history of the universe began with the big bang. Astronomers sort galaxies into three main types by their shapes. There are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe. This view of nearly 10,000 galaxies is the deepest visiblelight image of the cosmos. Many are spirals like the milky way, or barred spirals, which have a barshaped centre rather than a bulging nucleus. Many of these galaxies are near the limit of the observable universe, which is. Galaxies are categorized according to their visual morphology as elliptical, spiral, or irregular. Ken freeman, duffield professor, the australian national university the scope of the book is impressive indeed. If we make a random choice of two small volumes v 1 and v 2, and the average spatial density of galaxies is n per cubic megaparsec, then the chance of finding a galaxy in v 1 is just n v 1. The milky way and andromeda galaxies are two spiral galaxies in the local group moving towards each other.
After you enter the website, click on download pdf or printfriendly pdf. The origin and structure of the universe what is the universe made of. Called the hubble ultra deep field, this galaxystudded view represents a deep core sample of the universe, cutting across billions of. You will use this understanding to elaborate on the question, do galaxies collide. Galaxies are in one sense the visible atoms of the cosmic fabric, tracing huge structures both in time and space. Way before working out towards nearby galaxies and the distant universe, where galaxies can be seen in. The milky way is on a collision course with the nearby andromeda galaxy, and both will merge in about 4 billion.
For example, perhaps galaxies can form and make their stars only in the densest regions of the universe. Irregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disklike nor elliptical. Explain that the same natural laws that apply to our solar system also apply in other galaxies. I use it for my senior class and can strongly recommend it. Galaxies and the universe center grove elementary school.
We have various evidence the universe has lots of matter we cant see rotation speeds of galaxies movement of global clusters around galaxies two primary theories machos massive compact halo objects planets or brown dwarfs or lowmass black holes unlikely, people are looking, have seen a few, but not enough. It turns out the universe has 10 times more galaxies than previously estimated 2 trillion galaxies. Choose from 500 different sets of the galaxies universe chapter 30 flashcards on quizlet. Galaxies and the expanding universe worksheet answers october 3, 2019 july 2, 2019 some of the worksheets below are galaxies and the expanding universe worksheet answers, the hidden lives of galaxies. Why its important the study of galaxies and the structure of the universe helps scientists to better understand the origin of our solar system as well as earths origin. Lab 15 how many galaxies are there in the universe. From this data, he noticed a relationship, which is now called hubbles law. From its rotation and effects on nearby galaxies, mass of milky. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains. Astronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe, which is equivalent to looking back in time. The origin and structure of the universe max planck society. Hubble ultra deep field image reveals galaxies galore. Galaxies and the universe describe the suns position in the milky way galaxy.
Mungan, summer 2011 estimate the number of galaxies in the universe assuming that it is flat in the absence of dark matter and energy, that it is billion years old, and that a typical galaxy contains 100 billion sunlike stars. This material is based on graduate courses taught at leiden university and the university of alabama, updated to the most recent time ive taught ay 620 extragalactic astronomy in tuscaloosa. Not 10 times the stars or mass, those numbers have stayed the. Astro 2 stars, galaxies, and the universe spring 2019. If 0 1, we require b 4 to explain the virgocentric inflow. Use a calculator to determine the scaled distance to. Science, in general, is one possible method for asking questions about the universe. This noprep product is a complete unit bundle on the sun, earth, moon, our solar system, stars, galaxies, and the universe. Some astronomers favor the suggestion that the distribution of luminous matter is lumpier than that of the total. This process is called representative sampling and is.
While others could have as many as 400 billion stars, or even more. Star characteristics, life cycle of stars, types of galaxies, and big bang theory. Lets assume that the average galaxy in the universe has 12 the number of stars that the milky way has. Jul 06, 2016 there are billions of galaxies in the universe. The study of extragalactic astronomy began in the 1920s. The law states that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us. The milky way is on a collision course with the nearby andromeda galaxy, and both will merge in. Star characteristics, life cycle of stars, types of galaxies. Edit my cornell notes, warmups, tests and quizzes, and presentation with my powerpoint version, which contains the content but no clip art. A classification scheme generally must satisfy two criteria to be successful. Evolution of the thermodynamic properties of clusters of.
Winner of the american astronomical societys 2008 chambliss astronomy writing award everything you might have wanted to know about galaxies, but had the good sense not to. This very young universe was so dense that it was opaque. The galaxy in which the sun is situated, the milky way galaxy, is a colossal spiral of about 200 billion stars that measures approximately 100,000 light years across. Moons, planets, solar system, stars, galaxies, in our. Many galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centers. When they pass close to each other, their gravity will probably break them apart, changing their shapes. We realized that our galaxy was just one of many billions of galaxies in the universe. An international team of astronomers, led by christopher conselice, professor of astrophysics at the university of nottingham, have found that the universe contains at least 2 trillion galaxies. Edwin hubble combined his measurements of the distances to galaxies with other astronomers measurements of redshift. Galaxies and the expanding universe worksheet answers. The investigations of astrophysicists are carried out by instruments aboard freeflying.
There are reckoned to be roughly 170 billion other galaxies in the universe, each of them containing billions of stars. Hubble discovered that distant galaxies were all moving away from the milky way. Scientists have also determined that the universe was born in a fiery instant nearly 14 billion years ago. This book presents the astrophysics of galaxies since their beginnings in the early universe. They have dynamic internal histories as well, with very different formation and evolution schemes under discussion and test.
Universe in a jelly bean jar the universe dark energy dark matter everything else, including all stars, planets, and us 70% 4% 26% the universe then, is mostly dark. Stars do not exist in isolation but gather together in vast cities in space, called galaxies. Astronomers have long sought to determine how many galaxies there are in the observable universe, the part of the cosmos where light from distant objects has had time to reach us. The basic constituents of the universe at large scales, and the building blocks of the largescale structure. A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. However, the universe is a chaotic place and the gravity from one galaxy, or from a group of galaxies, may disturb the motion of its near neighbors, causing them to collide.
He saw that the universe had many galaxies, but was dominated by only two types ellipticals and spirals. If the overdensity of galaxies is a factor b greater than that of the matter, then 1. Not only that, the farther away he observed, the faster the galaxies were receding. Studying the universe could determine whether life exists elsewhere. While the majority of their mass is in the form of dark matter, the hot fully ionized plasma, i. On the largest scales the distribution of galaxies is thought to trace the total matter of the universe more matter. Counting and classifying galaxies overview in the first part of this lab, students will use the hubble deep field image to simulate how astronomers determine large numbers, such as the number of stars in a galaxy or the number of galaxies in the universe. Earth and the solar system are in a galaxy called the. It should act as a shorthand means of identification of the object, and it should.
Stars, galaxies, and universe space science notebook. If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. The following is a list of notable galaxies there are about 51 galaxies in the local group see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list, on the order of 100,000 in our local supercluster, and an estimated one to two trillion in all of the observable universe. Hubble studied galaxies for a very long time, and after seeing many, many galaxies, he realized that he could put them into groups based on. It has been thoroughly revised to take into account the most recent observational data, and recent discoveries such as dark energy. Jan 16, 2017 an international team of astronomers, led by christopher conselice, professor of astrophysics at the university of nottingham, have found that the universe contains at least 2 trillion galaxies. Thats because sunlight reflected from the moons surface takes a little more. The galaxy we live in, the milky way, is a spiral galaxy. To calculate the mass in gm of all of the galaxies in the universe, we need to solve this equation. Steady state theory is a modle for the formation of the universe that states the universe has always been the same. At the time 19171922the known observed universe extended a few hundreds of parsecs away, to the galaxies in the local group, andromeda and the large and small magellanic clouds. As you are in this course, i want to emphasize that astronomy is not simply a collection of facts, theories, and scientific discoveries. The following is a list of notable galaxies there are about 51 galaxies in the local group see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list, on the order of 100,000 in our local supercluster, and an estimated one to two trillion in all of the observable universe the discovery of the nature of galaxies as distinct from other nebulae interstellar clouds was made in the 1920s. They will probably merge to become one larger galaxy.
Learn the galaxies universe chapter 30 with free interactive flashcards. However, this population of galaxies is known to underrepresent the most massive galaxies, which have rich dust content andor old stellar populations. Mar 20, 2018 hence, the definition of the observable universe. May 12, 2017 abell 370 contains a mere several hundred galaxies, which means there are still plenty out there for hubble to catch. This astronomy unit bundle focusing on stars, galaxies, and the universe. Clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationallybound objects in the universe and are ideal laboratories to study how cosmic structures form and evolve in time. Have a broad range of physical properties, which presumably re.
The current version is being revised during the fall of 2012. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million 10 8 stars to giants with one hundred trillion 10 14 stars, each orbiting its galaxys center. The next table shows some of the brightest stars with their diameters and distances from the sun. There are probably more than 170 billion galaxies in the observable universe. Download stars and galaxies pdf ebook stars and galaxies stars and galaxies ebook author by michael seeds stars and galaxies ebook free of registration rating. Every time we look at the moon, for example, we see it as it was a little more than a second ago. It is sure to find its way onto the desks of astronomers and astrophysicists around the world who are looking for key. An expanded view of the universe european southern observatory. One way to describe the tendency of galaxies to cluster together is the wopoint correlation function r. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million 10 8 stars to giants with one hundred trillion 10 14 stars, each orbiting its galaxys center of mass. Stars and galaxies seeing into the past we cant travel into the past, but we can get a glimpse of it.
Some galaxies are called spiral, because they look like giant pinwheels in the sky. The evolution of the universe western washington university. In fact, scientists estimate the farthest galaxies are billion of lightyears away and moving farther away all the time. Bill keels lecture notes galaxies and the universe.
Some galaxies are called elliptical, because they look like flat balls. The universe s largestknown galaxies giant elliptical galaxies can contain up to a trillion stars and span two million lightyears across. It includes four lessons, ten warmups, a unit cover, test and quiz with answer key, projects, and more 70 printable pages. The photograph below shows the galaxies in just a tiny patch of the night sky. The characteristics of galaxies, how galaxies get their names, the components of a galaxy, identifying galaxies, dark matter possibilities. There are also other galaxies that have irregular shapes. Hubble studied galaxies for a very long time, and after seeing many, many galaxies, he realized that he could put them into groups based on their shape. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Galaxies and activity at their nuclei are now appearing to be inextricably linked. Use your astronomy knowledge and help classify galaxies for science.